Monday, August 13, 2012

Options , Call & Puts.

At a High Level , There are 3 financial products -

Owner Ship           like Stocks
Loaner Ship           like Bonds
Insurance               like Derivatives (Options,Futures & Swaps)

By applying different permutations and combinations to the above financial products we arrive with new Financial Products.

Key Terms:
Options : Price Movement

Call(s) :   Right to Buy Underlying Instrument at a specific price.
Put(s) :    Right to Sell Underlying Instrument  at a specific price.

Long : Buyer (Pays Premium therefore has the Right but not Obligation).
Short : Seller (Receives Premimum therefore Obligation to do)

There are 4 Positions.

Long the call option
In this case you are buying a contract that gives you the right to purchase an underlying on or before a future date at a predetermined ‘strike ’ price. You give up some money so that you can hold this right.
Short the call option
In this case you are the party that sells a contract which gives someone else the right to purchase (from you) an underlying on or before a future date at the strike price.
Long the put option
In this case you are buying a contract that gives you the right, but not the obligation, to sell an underlying on or before a future date at the strike price.
Short the put option
In this case you are selling to someone else a contract that gives them the right, but not the obligation, to sell an underlying (to you) on or before a future date at the strike price.


Call Option is like a Medical Insurance. If you expect Bullish or price goes above the strike price then go for Call Option. Example: As a person we pay the Premium to Insurance Company to transfer our risk to Insurance company there by If your cost goes above certain price then Insurance company pays the difference.
                                                        You Buy Insurance Premium (Insurer)

You Sell Insurance Premium (Insurer) - Call Writer



Put Option is like a Car Insurance. If you expect Bearish or price goes below the strike price then go for Put Option.
Example: As a person we pay the Premium to Insurance Company to transfer our risk to Insurance company there by If your car value goes below certain price then Insurance company pays the difference.

                                                    You buy Insurance Premium (Individual User)


                                                 You Sell Insurance Premium (Insurer) - Put Writer

                                         






Wednesday, July 11, 2012

Learning Websites about Economics and Finance

About Economics - Podcasts
http://www.voxeu.org/

http://press.princeton.edu/



Monetary Policy and Fed Reserve
http://www.youtube.com/user/FedReserveBoard

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UCBerkeley Economics by Professor Kenneth Train

http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=T7yC-5IDhKM&feature=BFa&list=PLF7D78F06BEC0901C

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Yale Financial Markets (2011) with Robert Shiller

http://www.youtube.com/course?list=EC8FB14A2200B87185

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Futures and Options by Professor Colin Carter

http://www.youtube.com/course?list=ECF23D8A8BE44E6EA7

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 Very good blog about Macro Economic Theory.

http://www.themoneyillusion.com/?m=200902

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Good Book about Macor Economics.

Economics of Money, Banking, and Financial Markets Business School Edition plus MyEconLab Student Access Kit, 2/E
Frederic S. Mishkin

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About Econ
www.mises.org

http://www.youtube.com/user/misesmedia?feature=CAQQwRs%3D

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Friday, February 17, 2012

FAS 157






Definition of a fair value – change in focus from an “entry” price to an “exit” price i.e. how much would be received to sell the asset or paid to transfer the liability instead of how much would be paid to acquire an asset or received to assume a liability?

Fair value measurement – the Standard prescribes the use of one or more of three acceptable valuation techniques (noted below).
1. Market approach – prices and other relevant information generated by market transactions involving identical or comparable assets or liabilities i.e. observable prices.
2. Income approach – valuation techniques used to convert future amounts (e.g. cash flows or earnings) to a single present amount (discounted), based on values indicated by current market expectations.
3. Cost approach – current replacement cost, adjusted for obsolescence.


Fair value hierarchy: Assets and Liabilities carried at fair value have to be classified and disclosed in one of three Levels (1, 2 or 3), with additional disclosure required for Level 3 (the most complex) items.

The fair value hierarchy prioritises the inputs used to measure fair value into three broad Levels (Levels 1, 2 and 3), moving from quoted prices in active markets in Level 1 to unobservable inputs in Level 3.

Level 1 inputs – observable, quoted prices for identical assets or liabilities in active markets.
Examples include US government and agency securities, foreign government debt, listed equities and money market securities. (Mark to Market)

Level 2 inputs – quoted prices for similar assets or liabilities in active markets; quoted prices for identical or similar assets in markets that are not active; and inputs other than quoted prices e.g. interest rates and yield curves. (Mark to Model)
Examples include corporate bonds (investment grade, high yield), mortgage-backed securities, bank loans, loan commitments, less liquid listed equities, municipal bonds and certain OTC derivatives.

Level 3 inputs – unobservable inputs for the asset or liability. These should be based on the best information available. The company should utilise all reasonably available information, but need not incur excessive cost or effort to do so. However, it should not ignore information that can be obtained without undue cost and effort. As such, the reporting entity’s own data should be adjusted if information is reasonably available without undue cost and effort.
Examples include distressed debt, private equity, exotic or non-standard derivatives.

Disclosures – move from generic fair value disclosures with little transparency of approach to an established hierarchy with required disclosures.